Graham Clay | 5+1 Postdoc

Publications

4. Knowledge and Sensory Knowledge in Hume’s Treatise
Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, forthcoming.

In this paper, I argue that we should attribute to Hume an account of knowledge that I call the ‘Constitutive Account.’ On this account, Hume holds that (i) every instance of knowledge must be an immediately present perception (i.e., an impression or an idea); (ii) an object of this perception must be a token of a knowable relation; (iii) this token knowable relation must have parts of the instance of knowledge as relata (i.e., the same perception that has it as an object); and any perception that satisfies (i)-(iii) is an instance of knowledge. I then apply the Constitutive Account to the case of sense perception. With the help of some relevant passages from the Treatise, I argue that Hume holds that there are relations of impressions that can be intuited, are knowable, and are necessary. These relations constitute Humean sensory knowledge and they are widespread in vision. On Hume’s view, all one needs to do is sense and, if the objects of one’s senses are of the right sort, one will thereby know. While Hume is rightly labeled an empiricist for many different reasons, a close inspection of his account of knowledge reveals yet another way in which he merits the label.

[penultimate draft]

3. Can the Berkeleyan Idealist Resist Spinozist Panpsychism?
History of Philosophy & Logical Analysis, forthcoming.
Co-authored with Michael Rauschenbach.

We argue that prevailing definitions of Berkeley’s idealism fail to rule out a nearby Spinozist rival view that we call ‘mind-body identity panpsychism.’ Since Berkeley certainly does not agree with Spinoza on this issue, we call for more care in defining Berkeley’s view. After we propose our own definition of Berkeley’s idealism, we survey two Berkeleyan strategies to block the mind-body identity panpsychist and establish his idealism. We argue that Berkeley should follow Leibniz and further develop his account of the mind’s unity. Unity—not activity—is the best way for Berkeley to establish his view at the expense of his panpsychist competitors.

[final version] /// [penultimate draft]

2. Aristotle’s Argument from Truth in Metaphysics Γ 4
Analysis, 79 (1): 17-24. 2019.

Some of Aristotle’s statements about the indemonstrability of the Principle of Non-Contradiction (PNC) in Metaphysics Γ 4 merit more attention. The consensus seems to be that Aristotle provides two arguments against the demonstrability of the PNC, with one located in Γ 3 and the other found in the first paragraph of Γ 4. In this article, I argue that Aristotle also relies upon a third argument for the same conclusion: the argument from truth. Although Aristotle does not explicitly state this argument, it is the best argument that he could use to defend some of his statements in the second paragraph of Γ 4. Since the argument relies on only a few of Aristotle’s core views about truth, I propose that it is faithful to his considered position throughout his corpus, and it may be the strongest argument he could offer for the indemonstrability of the PNC.

[final version] /// [penultimate draft]

1. Russell and the Temporal Contiguity of Causes and Effects
Erkenntnis, 83 (6): 1245-1264. 2018.

There are some necessary conditions on causal relations that seem to be so trivial that they do not merit further inquiry. Many philosophers assume that the requirement that there could be no temporal gaps between causes and their effects is such a condition. Bertrand Russell disagrees. In this paper, an in-depth discussion of Russell’s argument against this necessary condition is the centerpiece of an analysis of what is at stake when one accepts or denies that there can be temporal gaps between causes and effects. It is argued that whether one accepts or denies this condition, one is implicated in taking on substantial and wide-ranging philosophical positions. Therefore, it is not a trivial necessary condition of causal relations and it merits further inquiry.

[final version] /// [corrected penultimate draft]

Works Under Review and In Progress

In this paper, I argue that Hume would deny the view that it is necessary that if one knows that p, then one believes that p. Even if it turns out that Hume’s own position is not ultimately tenable, it rests on an account of the mind and an associated methodology that offer insights into how we should settle the question of whether knowledge entails belief. Hume urges that we must work in a systematic fashion—on many fronts simultaneously—if we are to conclusively resolve the dispute over this so-called “entailment thesis.” In particular, we must engage in a thorough study of the mind if we are to come to informed positions on the nature of knowledge and belief. Hume’s denial of the entailment thesis, then, is enlightening regardless of the details of its underlying argumentation. It shows us what Humean epistemological methodology consists in, and it represents a challenge to every philosopher with a positive view on the entailment thesis to develop an account of the mind, or to explain why they need not do so. This is especially true of those who hold that the entailment thesis is obvious.

Click HERE for a draft.

Hume is extremely restrictive about what can be known because he requires knowledge to be immune to error. For this reason, he seems to be a few small steps from external world skepticism. In addition to his position on knowledge, what else is necessary to force Hume to deny that we can know propositions about the external world? In this paper, I will argue that if Hume were a skeptic, then he must also deny a particular kind of view about what is immediately present to the mind. I will argue that direct realism combines with Hume’s position on knowledge to entail the negation of skepticism. So, despite his position on knowledge, Hume could still consistently reject skepticism, if he were to endorse direct realism. Whether and in what sense Hume endorses direct realism is, of course, a separate matter. Indeed, I argue that Hume stably believes direct realism but can bring himself to believe that it is unjustified as well as to believe its negation—at least until he leaves the candlelight of his study and returns to the backgammon table.

Click HERE for a draft. I will be presenting a version of this paper on June 4th-5th at the Western E-vent in Early Modern Philosophy online.

In many ways, Locke is a paradigmatic humble theist—a deeply religious thinker who understands all too well how limited our philosophical capacities are. This leads most of Locke’s readers, including one of his earliest critics, Edward Stillingfleet, to read him as being noncommittal when it comes to a general ontological view. In this paper, I argue that Locke’s endorsement of the primary-secondary quality distinction in fact drives him towards substance dualism despite his theistic humility. This implication of Locke’s defense of the distinction has not been recognized by commentators because their focus has been on his position on our minds and bodies rather than his broader ontology.

Click HERE for a draft. I will be presenting a version of this paper at the 2020 International Conference of the John Locke Society in Naples, Italy.

Commentators have rightly focused on the reasons why Hume maintains that the conclusions of skeptical arguments cannot be believed, and on the role these arguments play in Hume’s justification of his account of the mind. Nevertheless, Hume’s interpreters have made a mistake in failing to take seriously the question of whether or not Hume holds that these arguments are demonstrations. Only if the arguments are demonstrations do they have the requisite status to prove Hume’s point about the nature of the mind’s belief-generating faculties. In this paper, I treat Hume’s argument against the primary/secondary quality distinction as my case study, and I argue that it is intended by Hume to be a demonstration.

Click HERE for a draft.

In this paper, I argue that Hume’s denial of the existence of abstract objects, his views on necessity, and his statements on truth force him to deny the Law of Excluded Middle (LEM), which is the view that for every proposition p, either p or not p. Since Hume’s positions on these issues are rather primitive, I argue that they can be helpfully supplemented by that of Brouwer, who is the most important denier of the LEM, as well as the progenitor of several logics that eschew it. The affinities between these two thinkers have not been discussed in the literature.

[co-authored with Michael Rauschenbach]

In forthcoming work, we argue that prevailing definitions of Berkeley’s idealism fail to rule out a nearby Spinozist rival view that we call ‘mind-body identity panpsychism,’ and we call for more care in defining Berkeley’s view. After we propose our own definition of Berkeley’s idealism, we argue that Berkeley should follow Leibniz and further develop his account of the mind’s unity. Unity—not activity—is the best way for Berkeley to establish his view at the expense of his mind-body identity panpsychist competitors.

Here, we explore some vulnerabilities of Berkeley’s position on unity by focusing on how some of Berkeley’s rivals treat unity. Unlike Berkeley, Hume and Spinoza deny that all minds are unified in virtue of being substances, and they hold that bodies are unified in the same way that some minds are. Hume holds that minds and bodies are bundles of resembling and causally-interrelated perceptions, while Spinoza locates the unity of finite minds and bodies in their shared production of unified effects. To make matters worse, Hume and Spinoza also have robust explanations of why (finite) minds appear to have a more substantial variety of unity.

If Berkeley is to justify his view that minds are unified in virtue of being substances and bodies are not, he needs either epistemological arguments for taking the mind’s perceptions of its own substantial unity as veridical (that do not also establish the substantial unity of bodies), or metaphysical arguments for holding that only minds are so unified. Given the weakness of arguments for the transparency of the mental that would allow him to grab this dilemma’s first horn and given the strength of his rival’s explanations of apparent unity, we argue that Berkeley will be unable to avoid delving into the metaphysics of substance he sometimes seems so keen to avoid.

We will be presenting a version of this paper at the 2020 NYC Workshop in Early Modern Philosophy at Fordham University in New York City, NY.

Public Philosophy Essays

In this public philosophy essay, I discuss the view that one must have consistent moral views. I argue that this so-called ‘consistency principle’ is the only challenge of its variety that we all agree you always face as a moral agent. In the course of discussing why there are no other principles like the consistency principle, I paint a picture of moral discourse designed to encourage non-philosophers to reflect on the ways in which they ought to engage in this sort of discourse.

Click HERE for a draft.

Service

Consultant, PhilSurvey
2018-present
Graduate Mentor, ND
2017-present
Editorial Assistant, NDPR
2016-2017